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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 3\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983\u060c \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Geo-environmental Informatics)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Geo-Environmental Science) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/1-2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10641\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2-2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10642\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/3-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10643\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/4-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10644\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/5-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/5-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/5-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/5-1-768x512.jpg 768w, 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https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/16-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/16-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/16-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10656\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/17-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/17-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/17-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/17-1-768x512.jpg 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srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10661\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/22-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-id=\"10662\" src=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/23-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/23-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/23-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fsecg.univ-alger3.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/23-1-768x512.jpg 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